The journey toward finalizing the National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana) and the National Song (Vande Mataram) within the Constituent Assembly was marked by historical significance, deep reverence for the struggle for independence, and careful deliberation over their respective roles in the newly formed Republic.
Early Mentions and the Struggle for Independence
Throughout the Assembly's sessions, both songs were recognized for their deep connection to the Indian freedom movement.
Vande Mataram: The Assembly acknowledged that the history of India's struggle for independence was inextricably linked to Vande Mataram. It was described as a song that had been "hallowed, consecrated, and sanctified by the suffering and sacrifice" of thousands of martyrs. Some members proposed it as the sole National Anthem, arguing that its simple Sanskrit roots and its role as a "beacon-light" during the struggle made it the natural choice.
Jana Gana Mana: While highly respected, Jana Gana Mana faced some early debates. Some members argued that it had been composed for the visit of King George V in 1911 and offered greetings to a "Rajeshwar" (emperor) rather than Mother India. However, its widespread popularity and distinct musical qualities were also noted.
The Role of Ceremonial Usage
The songs held a primary place in the Assembly's own traditions. On the historic night of the Assumption of Power (August 14–15, 1947), the very first item on the agenda was the singing of Vande Mataram. On other occasions, members would sing Jana Gana Mana together, as occurred at the end of the final session in January 1950.
The Final Decision (January 24, 1950)
While the National Flag was adopted by a formal Resolution in 1947, the choice of the National Anthem remained technically unfinalized through much of the drafting process. Grave omissions were noted in the Draft Constitution regarding the National Anthem and National Song.
The matter was ultimately resolved not through a contested vote, but through a definitive statement by the President of the Assembly, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, on the Assembly's final day, January 24, 1950.
National Anthem: Jana Gana Mana was declared the National Anthem of India.
National Song: Recognizing the historic role of Vande Mataram, it was declared that it would have an "equal status" with Jana Gana Mana.
Following this declaration, the final session concluded with the singing of both songs: Shrimati Purnima Banerji and other members sang Jana Gana Mana, followed by Pandit Lakshmi Kanta Maitra leading the Assembly in Vande Mataram.